LIST OF ACCEPTED PAPERS

List of accepted abstract for the Symposium

• show abstract

  Branko Govedarica - Rudnik i TE Gacko

  » EFEKTI REVITALIZACIJE NADZORNO-UPRAVLJAČKOG SISTEMA TE GACKO

  submitted by: BrankoGovedarica
  Abstract text

  U radu je kratko opisan DCS Ovation, proizvođača Westinghouse, USA, sa akcentom na koncept realizacije i osnovne karakteristike u Termoelektrani Gacko. Kroz uočene eksploatacione probleme i njihovu analizu, došlo se do zaključka o neophodnosti revitalizacije sistema za nadzor i upravljanje, što je i realizovano u remontu Termoelektrane 2007. godine. U zaključku rada su dati, sa administratorsko-korisničkog aspekta, najvažniji dosad uočeni komparativni efekti i performanse novog – revitalizovanog, u odnosu na dosad korišteni hardver i softver sistema za nadzor i upravljanje blokom snage 300 MW TE Gacko.
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  Slobodan Đekić - JP Elektroprivreda Srbije, Direkcija za strategiju i investicije, Aleksandar Jakovljević - JP Elektroprivreda Srbije, Direkcija za strategiju i investicije, Miomir Rajović - JP Elektroprivreda Srbije, Direkcija za strategiju i investicije, Dejan Vuksanović - JP Elektroprivreda Srbije, Direkcija za strategiju i investicije

  » ИСКУСТВА У РАЗВОЈУ И ПРИМЕНИ РЕЗУЛТАТА ИСПИТИВАЊА СТАЊА МЕТАЛА ТЕРМОЕНЕРГЕТСКИХ ПОСТРОЈЕЊА ЕЛЕКТРОПРИВРЕДЕ СРБИЈЕ

  submitted by: SlobodanDjekic
  Abstract text

  Сагледавајући неумитно старење опреме термоенергетских постројења, већ током осамдесетих година прошлог века започело се у Електропривреди Србије, тадашњем ЗЕП-у, са спровођењем испитивања стања метала најстаријих термо постројења Електропривреде Србије (ТЕ Колубара А и др.). Тада се у циљу коришћења искустава земаља са развијеном термоенергетиком започело са израдом првих студија посвећених утврђивању стања и продужењу радног века опреме. Као последица сталне тенденције пада расположивости термоенергетских постројења и предугог одлагања условљеног, пре свега општим околностима у земљи, тек се у другој половини деведесетих година прошлог века започело са реализацијом програма испитивања стања метала опреме која ради на високим температурама и притисцима.на највећим термоенергетским постројењима ЕПС-а (ТЕ Никола Тесла А, ТЕ Костолац А). При томе је редослед реализације програма испитивања комплетних блокова био заснован на стању, односно потреби за продужењем радног века, реконструкцији и модернизацији. Као резултат вишегодишњег спровођења програма детаљних испитивања стања метала са проценом преосталог радног века на нивоу разматраног блока, створене су подлоге о стању за већину термоенергетских постројења Електропривреде Србије. Поменуте подлоге су послужиле као ваљана подлога код израде инвестиционо - техничке документације, односно израде Тендерске документације за извођење захвата рехабилитације термо блокова. Приликом припреме и извођења контрола стања метала виталних компоненти примењен је систематски научни приступ заснован на искуствима великих електропривреда у свету. Због специфичности опреме и општих околности у којима је започет рад (ембарго УН и друго), поменути општи приступ је током времена усавршаван и оптимизиран. Уведена методологија утврђивања стања метала виталних компоненти термоенергетских постројења сагласна је са укупном процедуром припреме и спровођења инвестиционих захвата у Електропривреди Србије. Сарадња са научним и пројектним организацијама, институтима и факултетима омогућила је оптимизацију сваког од програма, као и благовремено извођење комплетних програма уз примену најсавременијих знања у овој области. На основу стечених искустава и добијених извештаја о стању метала планирани су и изведени опсежни захвати продужења радног века термоенергетских постројења (ТЕНТ А1-А5, Костолац А1). Изведени радови на постројењима су значајно допринели побољшању расположивости блокова и свих осталим показатеља рада термоелектрана (повећање снаге и производње електричне енергије, смањење емисије честица на нормана прописани ниво и др.).
• show abstract

  E.I. Karpenko - Branch Centre of Plasma-Power Technologies of Russian J.S.Co. “UPS of Russia”, Gusinoozersk, Russia, V.E. Messerle - Research Institute of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, Almaty, Kazakhstan, A.B. Ustimenko - Research Department of Plasmotechnics, Almaty, Kazakhstan

  » PLASMA-FUEL SYSTEMS APPLICATION IN HEAT-AND-POWER ENGINEERING.

  submitted by: Ustimenko
  Abstract text

  To increase efficiency of solid fuel utilization, to decrease share of fuel oil and natural gas in fuel balance of Thermal Power Plants (TPP) and to decrease harmful emissions plasmachemical technology of coals ignition, gasification and combustion was developed. Plasma-fuel systems (PFS) were created to realize this technology. PFS are combination of pulverized fuel burners with DC arc plasma torches. The main idea of PFS is to replace fuel oil or natural gas by products of plasmachemically processed pulverized coal. It was experimentally proven that PFS increases efficiency of coal ignition and combustion, eliminates fuel oil expenditure for start up and flame stabilization, decreases unburned carbon, NOx, SOx, and V2O5 emission. PFS have been tested in different countries at 29 power boilers steam-productivity 75 to 670 t/h equipped with different types of pulverized coal burners. At PFS testing power coals of all ranks (brown, bituminous, anthracite and their mixtures) were incinerated. Volatile content of them was from 4 to 50%, ash varied from 15 to 56% and heat of combustion was from 1600 to 6000 kcal/kg.

  Using PFS fuel oil is replaced by pulverised coal, which is a subject to thermochemical pre-process to the combustion within the PFS. In this technology part of the coal/air mixture is fed into the burner where the plasma-flame, having a locally high concentration of energy, induces gasification of the coal and partial oxidation of the char carbon. The resulting coal/air mixture is deficient in oxygen, the carbon being mainly oxidized to carbon monoxide. As a result, a highly reactive mixture of combustible gases and partially oxidized char particles are obtained at the exit of the PFS. On entry to the furnace, this combustible mixture is easily ignited. This allows prompt ignition and much enhanced flame stability of the main portion of the coal flame which is not directly treated by the plasma. Activation of coal combustion by this means eliminates the need for supplementary fuel consumption (fuel oil or natural gas), traditionally used for the start-up of a coal-fired furnace.

  Recently interest to application of the PFS at TPP increases except China where 87 % of electrical power is produced at coal fired TPP in Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkey, Korea, and India in which segment of pulverized coal fired TPP in power engineering is 80, 30, 47, 50, and 70% correspondingly. At present for some of these countries TPP PFS with DC plasma torches of 200 kW power are projected. The engineering solutions are being developing for the boilers of steam productivity of 75 to 1650 t/h at Shekhtinsk TPP (Kazakhstan), Reftinsk TPP (Russia), Yatagan TPP (Turkey), Shan-si TPP, South See – Tzin-nen TPP (China).
• show abstract

  A.S. Askarova - Department of Physics, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, E.I. Karpenko - Branch Centre of Plasma-Power Technologies of Russian J.S.Co. “UPS of Russia”, Gusinoozersk, Russia, O.A. Lavrichshev - Research Institute of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, Almaty, Kazakhstan, V.E. Messerle - Research Institute of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, Almaty, Kazakhstan, A.B. Ustimenko - Research Department of Plasmotechnics, Almaty, Kazakhstan

  » MODELLING OF PLASMA SUPPORTED COAL COMBUSTION IN FULL-SCALE BOILER

  submitted by: Ustimenko
  Abstract text

  Traditional technologies of solid fuels combustion account for higher level of pollutant emissions in comparison with incineration of liquid and gas fuels. However, the fraction of heat and electric power produced by coal-fired thermal power plants will increase and by 2020 it will have exceeded 50%. Plasma activation promotes more effective and environmentally friendly power coals usage. Effective development of a new coal technology is impossible without modelling and numerical investigation of the processes.

  This paper presents the results of numerical simulations of the plasma thermochemical enhancement of coal for ignition and combustion in a furnace chamber. The calculations were performed for a low-rank bituminous coal of 44% ash content. Two kinetic mathematical models were used for investigation of the processes of air-fuel mixture plasma activation, ignition and combustion. The first was a 1D model “Plasma-coal”. It describes a two-phase chemically reactive flow in a plasma-chamber with an internal source of heat, i.e. an arc or plasma flame. The kinetic scheme consists of 116 chemical reactions including stages of coal devolatilisation, reactions of the gas phase volatile material and heterogeneous reactions of carbon oxidation. Data to enable a 3D numerical simulation of coal combustion in a furnace chamber were collected. The 3D numerical experiments were performed with the help of the “FLOREAN” code applied to a boiler having 475 t/h steam productivity. The furnace is equipped with 12 tangential three-channel burners. Burners are mounted in two layers, 6 burners in every layer. A comparative analysis of the coal combustion process enhanced through four, six and twelve plasma-fuel systems with and without plasma activation was carried out. Distributions of temperatures, velocities, component concentrations (CO, CO2, N2, NOX, O2, etc.) were determined for different sections of the furnace. As a result of the numerical experiments, the advantages of the plasma technology have been clearly demonstrated.

  The combined application of the two well-known and reliable models has enabled a comprehensive image of the processes occurring in plasma-fuel systems for coal activation to be obtained. Comparison of the calculated results with the experimental data obtained in the laboratory and under industrial conditions reveals good agreement.
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  Рундыгин Ю.А. - Санкт-Петербургский государственный политехнический университет, Россия, Григорьев К.А. - Санкт-Петербургский государственный политехнический университет, Россия, Скудицкий В.Е. - ООО "Компания "НТВ-энерго" (Санкт-Петербург), Россия, Тринченко А.А. - Санкт-Петербургский государственный по

  » РАЗВИТИЕ НИЗКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНОЙ ВИХРЕВОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ СЖИГАНИЯ ТВЕРДЫХ ТОПЛИВ

  submitted by: ARundigin
  Abstract text

  Создание нового и модернизация действующего котельного оборудования в энергетике на твердом топливе требует применения высокоэффективных, экологически чистых технологий сжигания, одной из которых является низкотемпературная вихревая (НТВ).

  Основная идея НТВ-сжигания заключается в организации двух зон горения, которые разнесены по высоте топки. В нижнем объеме НТВ-топки за счет взаимодействия потоков горелочно-сопловых устройств организована вихревая зона активного горения, где в условиях многократной циркуляции частиц сгорает до 90…95 % топлива. Остальная часть топлива сгорает в зоне догорания, которая располагается над вихревой зоной.

  Активная вихревая аэродинамика, многократная циркуляция топлива и ступенчатый подвод окислителя в зону активного горения позволяют получить ряд положительных эффектов (по сравнению с обычной технологией сжигания в прямоточном факеле), основные из которых следующие:

  1) Стабилизация воспламенения и горения обеспечивает эффективное сжигание высоковлажных (до = 60 %) и низкореакционных топлив;

  2) Рост конвективной составляющей в теплообмене повышает тепловую эффективность НТВ-топки и позволяет уменьшить (на 10…20 %) габариты (при создании новых котлов), либо повысить тепловую нагрузку топки (при модернизации действующего оборудования);

  3) В НТВ-топках наблюдается резкое снижение интенсивности загрязнения поверхностей нагрева, что важно при сжигании сильно шлакующих топлив (с низкой температурой плавления золы);

  4) Выравнивание температурного поля, снижение (на 200…300 градусов) его общего уровня, горение основной части топлива при недостатке окислителя позволяют резко снизить (на 30…50 %) генерацию оксидов азота. Кроме того, условия НТВ-процесса способствуют повышению связывания оксидов серы за счет реакций с основными оксидами (CaO) минеральной части топлива.

  При НТВ-сжигании бурых углей и лигнитов желательно существенное угрубление помола (до R1000 = 10…30 %), что позволяет обеспечить взрывобезопасность системы подготовки топлива при любом составе сушильного агента и резко снизить затраты энергии на размол топлива.

  НТВ-технология сжигания прошла апробацию в котлах паропроизводительностью от 20 до 420 т/ч на широкой гамме твердых топлив, таких как торф, бурые и каменные угли, горючие сланцы, отходы деревообработки и микробиологического производства. Теплотехнические характеристики опробованных топлив изменяются в широких пределах: теплота сгорания = 6,7…23 МДж/кг, влажность = 9…60 %, зольность = 6…50 %, выход летучих веществ = 15…90 %. Некоторые котельные установки уже отработали более 100 тысяч часов и длительной эксплуатацией доказали эффективность НТВ-сжигания.

  За последние годы на основе обобщения опыта НТВ-сжигания и численного моделирования разработаны и опробованы в промышленных условиях новые схемы и конструкции горелочно-сопловых устройств для реализации НТВ-процесса. Новые технические решения позволили улучшить технико-экономические и экологические показатели НТВ-топок.
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  Franz Hafner - Austrian Energy & Environment AG &Co KG, Raaba/Graz; Austria

  » Performance of FGD Plants

  submitted by: FranzHafner
  Abstract text

  To reduce the SO2 content in the flue gas of power plants and industrial boilers mainly three processes have been applied: dry, semi-dry and wet desulphurization. FGD technology in Europe has now gained about 25 years of experience; this allows us some statements:

  Wet and dry FGD processes are the best choice under economic and technical considerations.

  Weather to use the wet or dry FGD process depends mainly on the amount of flue gas flow, SO2 content, type of plant (power station, industrial plant, waste/biomass incineration) and on the calculated lifetime of the plant. This will be discussed in detail.

  For big power stations the best solution will be the wet limestone process.

  The technical performance of wet and dry FGD has been improved with AE&E setting milestones in the technical progress. (Examples will be shown). Thus, it has been and may still be profitable to upgrade some older FGD plants.

  Some words on the improvements of wet FGD technology:

  Up until 1995 the wet spray scrubber was considered to be a device mainly dominated by the exchange of chemical compounds. As limiting factors for the performance of gypsum deposition was considered:

  • The reactivity of the absorption agent

  • The reactivity of the circulating water

  • The area of mass transfer produced by the spray nozzles

  Flow effects were considered to be of less significance.

  In 1995 the profile of SO2 concentration was measured beneath the mist eliminators in our plant in Sostanj/Slowenia. The results have shown a precarious asymmetry, which could only be the effect of flow dynamics. Based on this experience AE&E together with the University of Leoben developed a mathematical model allowing for the calculation of the gas flow, including the chemical reactions in the absorber.

  AE&E has also constructed absorbers using new materials:

  Additional to the classic steel absorber with rubber lining, stainless steel was used. Recently concrete absorbers with PP lining were built.

  In order to expell flue gases with lower temperatures AE&E has realized two new methods:

  A wet stack on the top of an absorber

  Allowing the flue gases to pass through a cooling tower instead of a stack.

  Also dry technology has been improved. The state of the art of old technology was to inject the absorbents into the flue gas and separate them later with fabric filters. This resulted in high operation costs, because the efficiency in the use of absorbents was very low.

  AE&E introduced a turbo reactor which allows a very economic use of absorbents and a high degree of desulphurization (Turbosorp® process). Additionally, it is possible with different composition of absorbents to also extract other pollutants from the flue gas.

  In order to demonstrate our achievements on the performance of FGD plants, some of our latest projects will be discussed.
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  Gandalf Bräunlich - Austrian Energy & Environment AG &Co KG, Raaba/Graz; Austria

  » AE&E’s Experience in Emission and immission Measurement Implementation

  submitted by: GBraunlich
  Abstract text

  This presentation will describe rather some experiences of implementing environment measurement groups than measurement technologies. These experiences are drawn mainly from the following activities:

  About 25 years ago AE&E started emission measurements within its Research & Development departments which were needed for the installation of the first flue gas cleaning plants in Austria. AE&E has built Dürnrohr and Mellach, the first power stations in Austria which were equipped with an FGD and DeNOx. At both power stations emission measurement equipments were installed which transfer the data online to the corresponding regional environment office. The power plant owners were also obliged to install immission measurement stations.

  In 1989 AE&E started a commercial environmental laboratory focusing on emission measurement and on chemical analyses of pollutants. This laboratory was first authorized and later became an accredited laboratory.

  In 1990 AE&E founded a joint venture called “INTERECO” with the former state owned Slovak Electricity company SEP. The purpose of this joint venture was measurement of emission and the transfer of the corresponding know-how.

  When delivering boilers and flue gas cleaning plants AE&E often had to install measurement and laboratory equipment.

  In 1995 HMIP (Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution in United Kingdom) entrusted AE&E, together with a British partner, to perform emission measurements at special plants like waste incinerators, chemical factories and similar plants for three Years.

  From 1999 to 2002 AE&E implemented an online immission network in Indonesia including regional air pollution laboratories and a central calibration laboratory. This was a 30 mio EUR project and included implementation of accreditation and a considerable amount of staff training.

  AE&E’s recommends focusing on the following points for improving the level of pollution measurement:

  Trained people

  Appropriate organization

  Clear laws and accepted standards (What, When and How to measure)

  Sufficient budget for maintenance and further training.

  For the project in Indonesia AE&E provided courses and training on the job in Indonesia. The training in Austria was divided into three categories:

  Environment manager: 4 Semester University course including practice and a theses

  Environment engineers: 10 weeks theoretical and practical training

  Environment technicians: 2 weeks factory training

  In most countries the common practice consists of a public office running an immission measurement network, contracting commercial measurement organizations and obliging the polluters to report the emission values. Usually this public office has a team capable of checking emission data with their own measurements.

  The type and frequency of emission measurements have to be determined legally in environmental laws or regulations and/or by operation permits. EU directives should be considered.

  Quality control and international recognition of measurement reports are of high importance. When setting up standards an internationally recognized accreditation organisation as the ATS - Accreditation Board of Serbia, Bulevar Mihaila Pupina 2, 11000 Beograd, should be involved from beginning.

  In practice arise many significant points:

  Who verifies continuous emission measurements at a plant?

  Which standard operating procedures are applied?

  Which types of instruments are allowed?

  How is the calibration chain to international recognized standards verified?

  Finally some words to the budget:

  Often pollution measurement equipment is provided by donation. However, maintenance and operation needs human and material resources.
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  V.I. Mijakovski - Faculty of Technical Sciences, Bitola, Macedonia, N.I. Mijakovski - Nextsense, Skopje, Macedonia

  » WINTER OPERATING REGIME OF NATURAL DRAUGHT COOLING TOWER

  submitted by: vmijak
  Abstract text

  During winter, at low temperatures of external air, air circulation through natural draught cooling tower causes greater cooling of the water and appearance of ice on places where air is introduced into the tower. In such case, with proper operation of the system cooling tower – pump station, and by reducing water's cooling range, temperature of the cold water should be maintained at sufficiently high temperature level in order to avoid freezing of the water in the tower and appearance of ice at air entering surfaces.
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  Bojan Kovačić - Agencija za energetsku efikasnost Republike Srbije

  » ULOGA I AKTIVNOSTI AGENCIJE ZA ENERGETSKU EFIKASNOST REPUBLIKE SRBIJE

  submitted by: BojanKovacic
  Abstract text

  Abstrakt: Agencija za energetsku efikasnost Republike Srbije je formirana zbog strateške potrebe Srbije za unapređenjem uslova i mera za racionalno korišćenje energije i energenata. Osnovana je 2002. godine u okviru reforme energetskog sektora, a uz finansijsku podršku Evropske unije preko Evropske agencije za rekonstrukciju (iz programa CARDS). Predlaganjem podsticajnih mera za povećanje energetske efikasnosti i promovisanjem značaja energetske efikasnosti, kao i upravljanjem programima i projektima za racionalno i šire korišćenje energije i obnovljivih izvora energije (jednim od ključnih faktora održivog razvoja), Agencija doprinosi unapređenju društveno odgovornog ponašanja prema energiji u svim strukturama države i društva. Na taj način se poboljšavaju indikatori efikasnog korišćenja energije u Srbiji i posredno doprinosi efektivnosti nacionalnog energetskog sistema i energetskoj bezbednosti zemlje.

  ROLE AND ACTIVITIES OF THE SERBIAN ENERGY EFFICIENCY AGENCY

  Abstract: Serbian Energy Efficiency Agency (SEEA) was formed due to strategical need of Serbia to enhance the conditions and measures for rational use of energy. SEEA established 2002 within reforme process of energy sector with and its work has been supported by the European Union, through the European Agency for Reconstruction (under the CARDS program). Proposing stimulative measures aiming an improvement of energy efficiency and promotion of importance of the energy efficiency, also conduct with energy efficiency programs and projects, SEEA contributes to enhance social responsibility concerning the energy in all structure of the society. Thus energy efficiency indicators in Serbia makes a progress and contribute to effectiveness of national energy system and energy sequrity.
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  Maja Đurović-Petrović - Ministarstvo za nauku i tehnološki razvoj Republike Srbije

  » Zakonodavni okvir u oblasti energetske efikasnosti i očuvanja energije u Japanu

  submitted by: MajaDjurovicPetrovic
  Abstract text

  Rad je nastao kao rezultat studijske posete Japanu u organizaciji Japanske agencije za međunarodnu saradnju, a na poziv "Tokyo Training Division" Centra i sadrži prikaz energetske situacije u Japanu, uloge zakonodavnog okvira u povećanju energetske efikasnosti uz prikaz hronologije promena.

  U radu su dati i elementi Nacionalne energetske strategije iz 2006.godine, kao i osnovni mehanizmi za očuvanje energije kroz nacionalne programe i

  obaveze proizvođača.