SESSION: Environmental aspects of power generation | Ekološki i klimatski aspekti rada elektrana
papers selected for Symposium Session titled: Environmental aspects of power generation | Ekološki i klimatski aspekti rada elektrana
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D. Kisić, Z. Žbogar, M. Milić, N. Ćeran, G. Stupar - JP Elektroprivreda Srbije , P. Stefanović, M.Erić - Institut za nuklearne nauke VINČA, Laboratorija za termotehniku i energetiku
title: SMANJENJE EMISIJE PRAŠKASTIH MATERIJA-LETEĆEG PEPELA, REKOSTRUKCIJOM ELEKTROFILTERA U TE NIKOLA TESLA A
Abstract text
Zgađenje vazduha usled emisije praškastih materija, letećeg pepela, iz tačkastih izvozvora –dimnjaka je problem sa kojim se suočavalo lokalno stanovništvo, a isto tako termoelektrane. U okviru razmatranja ekoloških problema, 2001.godine sagledana je i problematika zagađenja vazduha usled emisije letećeg pepela iz dimnjaka. 2002.godine je urađen Dugoročan plan ekološke modernizacije za termoelektrane Nikola Tesla A i Nikola Tesla B. Prioritet je dat smanjenju emisije praškastih materija - letećeg pepela iz dimnjaka, kao tačkastih izvora zagađivanja.
Realizacija planiranih mera zaštite za obrenovačke termoelektrane je zahtevala velika finasijska ulaganja, neophodnost primene najbolje dostupnih tehnika (BAT) i poštovanja principa održivog razvoja.
U periodu 2004 –2007.godine urađene su rekostrukcije elektrofiltera blokova TENT-a A (A1, (A2, A4 i A5). Garancija isporučioca elektrofiltera je izlazna koncentracija praškastih materija od 50 mg/m3, što je potrđeno garancijskim ispitivanjima. Smanjenje izlazne koncentracije praškastih materija je ostvareno povećanjem visine i broja taložnih elektroda, dodavanjem još jednog polja elektroda, poboljšanjem strujno naponskih karakteristika sekcija elektrofiltera. Rekostrukcijom elektrofiltera u TENT-u A emisija praškastih materija je smanjena 88%. Cena rekonstrukcije elekrtofiltera, zavisno od električne snage bloka, iznosi 3,5 do 5 miliona evra.
U skladu sa zahtevima EU, EPS mora da usaglasi svoj rad u pogledu emisija štetnih i opasnih materija u vazduh, do 2016.godine. Planom do 20015. godine pored ostalog predviđene su rekostrukcije elektrofiltera na preostalim blokovima.
M. S. Laković - Mašinski fakultet Niš, ul. A. Medvedeva 14, 18000 Niš , S. V. Laković - Mašinski fakultet Niš, ul. A. Medvedeva 14, 18000 Niš , P. M. Živković - Mašinski fakultet Niš, ul. A. Medvedeva 14, 18000 Niš
title: UTICAJ GLOBALNOG ZAGREVANJA NA RAD TERMOELEKTRANA
Abstract text
Sve izrazitije klimatske promene, nastale kao rezultat globalnog zagrevanja, utiču na sve postojeće izvore energije. Iako se može reći da su ovom uticaju podložniji obnovljivi izvori energije, i rad postrojenja koja koriste fosilna goriva umnogome je odredjen temperaturom vazduha i vode. Direktan uticaj globalnog zagrevanja vezan je za rad rashladnog sistem postrojenja i količine vode dostupne za hladjenje. Lokalni klimatski parametri direktno utiču na kapacitet rashladnih tornjeva i mogućnost prirodnih vodotokova da odvedu toplotu iz kondenzatora termoelektrane. U toku letnjeg perioda, ulazna temperatura rashladne vode se može približiti vrednosti koja prestavlja graničnu temperaturu izlazne struje s obzirom na ekološka ograničenja. Na taj način postrojenje nece raditi ni blizu punom kapacitetu. Neophodno je tehnološko unapredjenje rada postojećih rashladnih sistema, kako bi se ubuduće sprečio značajan pad efikasnosti rada postrojenja. U ovom radu prikazan je uticaj porasta temperature rashladne vode u nekim termoelektranam u Srbiji na njihovu efikasnost. Rezultati su dobijeni na osnovu meteoroloških podataka i numeričke simulacije i kao takvi mogu dati korisne smernice pri projektovanju novih, kao i u stalnim naporima da se unapredi rad postojećih termoelektrana.
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING ON THERMAL POWER PLANT PERFORMANCES
Abstract: Every existing source of energy is affected by climate variability. Renewable energy sources tend to be more sensitive to global warming, but fossil energy production is also affected by air and water temperatures. The most direct climate impacts are related to power plant cooling and water availability. Local weather conditions affect the capacity of cooling towers and natural water bodies to transfer waste heat from steam condensers to the atmosphere. Under hot summer conditions even the inlet water from a river may approach the limit set for discharge, and this will mean that the plant is unable to run at full power. Without technology-based improvements in cooling system efficiency, the steam-cycle energy efficiency would decrease. In this paper, the overview of cooling water temperature increase impact on the energy efficiency in Serbian power plants is given, based on meteorological data and numerical simulation. Obtained results could be used as useful guidelines in design of the new power plants and also in improving existing power plants performances.
Thomas Ortner - Austrian Energy & Environment AG & Co KG, Gratz, Austria
title: COMBUSTION OF WASTE FUELS IN CFB BOILERS - LATEST DESIGN AND EXPERIENCE
Abstract text
Austrian Energy & Environment AG & Co KG has implemented two contracts for waste fired CFB boilers whose concept is mainly based on the reference plant RV Lenzing (Austria), which is still the largest CFB boiler (120 MWth) all over the world in operation for burning RDF (refuse derived fuel) and other waste fuels and that holds a world record on operating hours for such applications. Four additional contracts ranging from 95 to 150 MWth are being implemented by AE&E at present.
Forced by official regulations as well as by the conditions and behaviour of the waste fuels a special design of the boiler has to apply with the following main features:
• Adiabatic furnace in combination with an external heat exchanger
• Hot gas cyclone combined with an adiabatic post combustion chamber
• Vertical boiler radiation passes and horizontal tailend pass
• Special fuel feeding system and open nozzle grid for fluidization
As a consequence the CFB boiler provides an excellent performance including high fuel flexibility, very low emission figures, high efficiency etc.
Dragoslava D. Stojiljković - Mechanical Engineering Faculty, University of Belgrade , Vladimir Jovanović - Mechanical Engineering Faculty, University of Belgrade , Nebojša Manić - Mechanical Engineering Faculty, University of Belgrade , Aleksandar Jovović - Mechanical Engineering Faculty, University of Belgrade
title: SADRŽAJ HLORA I FLUORA U UGLJU KAO UTICAJNI ČINILAC NA PROJEKTOVANJE POSTROJENJA ZA ODSUMPORAVANJE DIMNOG GASA
Abstract text
Rezime: Poslednjih godina, istraživanja procesa sagorevanja uglja sve više obuhvataju nečistoće u uglju, a posebno halogene elemente (F, Cl, Br, I i At). Tokom procesa sagorevanja halogeni elementi prelaze u kisele gasove koji stvaraju probleme kako u samim termoenergetskim objektima (problemi korozije), tako i u njihovoj okolini. U zemljama gde se ugalj najviše koristi za proizvodnju električne energije, ovo gorivo predstavlja i najveći izvor emisije hlorida u atmosferu. Iako se fluoridi nalaze vezani u mineralima, njihovo prisustvo u atmosferi potiče ili kao posledica vulkanskih aktivnosti ili iz procesa sagorevanja uglja. Emisija hlorida i fluorida iz procesa sagorevanja zavisi od sadržaja i oblika ovih elemenata u uglju, procesa sagorevanja i postrojenja za smanjenje emisije. Proučavanje sadržaja hlorida i fluorida u uglju i u dimnom gasu je posebno značajno pri projektovanju postrojenja za odsumporavanje dimnih gasova (ODG), sastavnog dela savremenih termoenergetskih postrojenja kojim se obezbeđuje zadovoljenje propisa o emisiji sumpornih oksida. U ovom radu dat je kratak pregled međunarodnih iskustava u vezi sa prisustvom hlora i fluora u uglju i problemima izazvanih njihovim prisustvom u dimnom gasu, kao i rezultata sopstvenih istraživanja obavljenih u okviru realizacije Studije „Dopunska geološka istraživanja na površinskom kopu Drmno – III faza”.
Abstract: Recently, research in the field of coal combustion, more and more include impurities in coal, specifically halogen elements (F, Cl, Br, I i At). During the combustion process, halogen elements are transformed in acid gasses which impose problems to the power plants (corrosion), and to the surrounding environment. In countries where coal is mostly used for electricity production, this fuel is the greatest source of chloride emission to the atmosphere. Although the fluorides are bonded in the minerals, there presence in atmosphere originates either from the volcanic activities or from the coal combustion. Emission of chlorides and fluorides from the combustion depends on content and state of these elements in coal, combustion process and emission reduction equipment. Examination of chlorides and fluorides content in coal and in flue gas is particularly important for design of flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) plant, the integral part of the modern power plants which ensure meeting the requirements of sulphur dioxide emission regulations. This paper presents the short revue of international experiences related to chlorine and fluorine presence in coal and to the problems caused by their presence in flue gas, as well as the results of own research made during preparation of Study „Additional geological research on the open-pit mine Drmno – Phase III“
Branko Jevtić - JP Elektroprivreda Srbije, Direkcija za strategiju i investicije , Predrag Vukojičić - JP Elektroprivreda Srbije, Direkcija za strategiju i investicije
title: MODERNIZACIJA I EKOLOŠKA SANACIJA RUDARSKOG SEKTORA U SRBIJI UPOREDIVA SA ISKUSTVIMA DATIM MINSER PROJEKTOM
Abstract text
Sadržaj - U okviru MINSER projekta, koji je zasnovan na principima partnerstva privatnog i javnog sektora (Public Private Partnership) obavljena je razmena iskustava i dodatno usavršavanje stručnjaka, menadžera, predstavnika nauke i državnih organa iz Srbije, koji se bave rudarstvom i preradom uglja o modelima ekološke sanacije i modernizacije kod dobijanja sirovina i proizvodnje energije i to putem transfera znanja, praktičnih radionica, dijaloga i izgradnje mreža saradnje.
Projekat se oslanja na opsežna iskustva nemačkih saveznih pokrajina Brandenburg i Saksonija u kojima je već uspešno sprovedeno restrukturiranje i modernizacija proizvodnje i korišćenja lignita i mrkog uglja.
U ovom radu autori će predstaviti deo analize stanja rudarskog sektora kroz prizmu JP „Elektroprivreda Srbije“ u poređenju sa iskustvima dobijenim na radionicama MINSER. Održavanje radionica su zajedničkim snagama sa srpske strane omogućili Ministarstvo za rudarstvo i energetiku Republike Srbije, JP EPS i RGF iz Beograda.
Abstract – Within the MINSER project, based on public private partnership principles, exchange of experience and additional training of experts, managers, representatives of scientific fields and government agencies dealing with mining and coal processing will be carried out in ecological refurbishment and modernisation during raw material production and electricity generation, through knowledge transfer, practical workshops, dialogues and cooperation network building.
The project relies on comprehensive experience of German federal states of Brandenburg and Saxony, which successfully implemented restructuring and modernisation of lignite and brown coal production and utilisation.
In this paper authors will present small analysis of current state in mining sector in PE Electric power industry of Serbia in comparison with received “know-how” from MINSER project workshops. Those workshops are provided by Ministry of mining and energy Republic of Serbia, PE EPS and Faculty of mining and geology from Belgrade.
Franz Hafner - Austrian Energy & Environment AG &Co KG, Raaba/Graz; Austria
title: Performance of FGD Plants
Abstract text
To reduce the SO2 content in the flue gas of power plants and industrial boilers mainly three processes have been applied: dry, semi-dry and wet desulphurization. FGD technology in Europe has now gained about 25 years of experience; this allows us some statements:
Wet and dry FGD processes are the best choice under economic and technical considerations.
Weather to use the wet or dry FGD process depends mainly on the amount of flue gas flow, SO2 content, type of plant (power station, industrial plant, waste/biomass incineration) and on the calculated lifetime of the plant. This will be discussed in detail.
For big power stations the best solution will be the wet limestone process.
The technical performance of wet and dry FGD has been improved with AE&E setting milestones in the technical progress. (Examples will be shown). Thus, it has been and may still be profitable to upgrade some older FGD plants.
Some words on the improvements of wet FGD technology:
Up until 1995 the wet spray scrubber was considered to be a device mainly dominated by the exchange of chemical compounds. As limiting factors for the performance of gypsum deposition was considered:
• The reactivity of the absorption agent
• The reactivity of the circulating water
• The area of mass transfer produced by the spray nozzles
Flow effects were considered to be of less significance.
In 1995 the profile of SO2 concentration was measured beneath the mist eliminators in our plant in Sostanj/Slowenia. The results have shown a precarious asymmetry, which could only be the effect of flow dynamics. Based on this experience AE&E together with the University of Leoben developed a mathematical model allowing for the calculation of the gas flow, including the chemical reactions in the absorber.
AE&E has also constructed absorbers using new materials:
Additional to the classic steel absorber with rubber lining, stainless steel was used. Recently concrete absorbers with PP lining were built.
In order to expell flue gases with lower temperatures AE&E has realized two new methods:
A wet stack on the top of an absorber
Allowing the flue gases to pass through a cooling tower instead of a stack.
Also dry technology has been improved. The state of the art of old technology was to inject the absorbents into the flue gas and separate them later with fabric filters. This resulted in high operation costs, because the efficiency in the use of absorbents was very low.
AE&E introduced a turbo reactor which allows a very economic use of absorbents and a high degree of desulphurization (Turbosorp® process). Additionally, it is possible with different composition of absorbents to also extract other pollutants from the flue gas.
In order to demonstrate our achievements on the performance of FGD plants, some of our latest projects will be discussed.
Gandalf Bräunlich - Austrian Energy & Environment AG &Co KG, Raaba/Graz; Austria
title: AE&E’s Experience in Emission and immission Measurement Implementation
Abstract text
This presentation will describe rather some experiences of implementing environment measurement groups than measurement technologies. These experiences are drawn mainly from the following activities:
About 25 years ago AE&E started emission measurements within its Research & Development departments which were needed for the installation of the first flue gas cleaning plants in Austria. AE&E has built Dürnrohr and Mellach, the first power stations in Austria which were equipped with an FGD and DeNOx. At both power stations emission measurement equipments were installed which transfer the data online to the corresponding regional environment office. The power plant owners were also obliged to install immission measurement stations.
In 1989 AE&E started a commercial environmental laboratory focusing on emission measurement and on chemical analyses of pollutants. This laboratory was first authorized and later became an accredited laboratory.
In 1990 AE&E founded a joint venture called “INTERECO” with the former state owned Slovak Electricity company SEP. The purpose of this joint venture was measurement of emission and the transfer of the corresponding know-how.
When delivering boilers and flue gas cleaning plants AE&E often had to install measurement and laboratory equipment.
In 1995 HMIP (Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution in United Kingdom) entrusted AE&E, together with a British partner, to perform emission measurements at special plants like waste incinerators, chemical factories and similar plants for three Years.
From 1999 to 2002 AE&E implemented an online immission network in Indonesia including regional air pollution laboratories and a central calibration laboratory. This was a 30 mio EUR project and included implementation of accreditation and a considerable amount of staff training.
AE&E’s recommends focusing on the following points for improving the level of pollution measurement:
Trained people
Appropriate organization
Clear laws and accepted standards (What, When and How to measure)
Sufficient budget for maintenance and further training.
For the project in Indonesia AE&E provided courses and training on the job in Indonesia. The training in Austria was divided into three categories:
Environment manager: 4 Semester University course including practice and a theses
Environment engineers: 10 weeks theoretical and practical training
Environment technicians: 2 weeks factory training
In most countries the common practice consists of a public office running an immission measurement network, contracting commercial measurement organizations and obliging the polluters to report the emission values. Usually this public office has a team capable of checking emission data with their own measurements.
The type and frequency of emission measurements have to be determined legally in environmental laws or regulations and/or by operation permits. EU directives should be considered.
Quality control and international recognition of measurement reports are of high importance. When setting up standards an internationally recognized accreditation organisation as the ATS - Accreditation Board of Serbia, Bulevar Mihaila Pupina 2, 11000 Beograd, should be involved from beginning.
In practice arise many significant points:
Who verifies continuous emission measurements at a plant?
Which standard operating procedures are applied?
Which types of instruments are allowed?
How is the calibration chain to international recognized standards verified?
Finally some words to the budget:
Often pollution measurement equipment is provided by donation. However, maintenance and operation needs human and material resources.
Vujo Miljević - Institut za nuklearne nauke VINČA, Laboratorija za atomsku fiziku
title: Simultaneos Removal of Sulphur Diokside (SO2) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) from Flue Gas by a Spacial Type of Corona Brush Discharge
Abstract text
A new method for simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx from flue gases, a plasma chemistry method called ELFI, has been developed in the Atomic physics laboratory of the Vinča Institute of nuclear sciences on the basis of fundamental research of the special type high frequency corona discharge. The by-product of this method is artificial fertilizer and the problem of the permanent storage of undesired product does not exist. The ELFI module can be added to an exixting plant as a by-pass, so it does not obstruct its function.
The results of fundamental research on which ELFI is based are presented on international scientific meetings. Laboratory studies completely fulfilled foreseen expectations for filtering and gave numerous data necessary to project pilot plant. The patents for ELFI technology were granted in: USA, European Patent Union, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland and Luxembourg, France, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Holland, Germany and Sweden, Japan and Republic of Serbia
Milorad Kurajica - Fizički fakultet, Beograd , B. M. Obradovic, G. Sretenovic, B. Dojcinovic, D. Manojlovic - Fizički fakultet, Beograd , A. Jevremovic and LJ. Jocic - JP EPS, PD TENT, Obrenovac
title: Simultaneous Removal Of NOx and SO2 From Coal-Burning Flue Gas in TENT-A Using Nonthermal Plasma Reactors in Direct and Indirect Oxidation Processes
Abstract text
Simultaneous Removal Of NOx and SO2 From Coal-Burning Flue Gas in TENT-A Using Nonthermal Plasma Reactors in Direct and Indirect Oxidation Processes
S. R. Marinković, P.D. Trifunović, A. B. Kostić-Pulek, R. D. Tokalić - Rudarsko-geološki fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu
title: INVESTIGATION ON THE POSSIBILITIES OF THE APPLICATION OF FLY ASH AND BOTTOM ASH FROM „NICOLA TESLA“ POWER PLANTS - OBRENOVAC FOR ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Abstract text
"ISPITIVANJE MOGUĆNOSTI PRIMENE PEPELA I ŠLJAKE TERMOELEKTRANA „NIKOLA TESLA“ - OBRENOVAC ZA IZGRADNJU PUTEVA"
Fly and bottom ash are waste of thermal power plants. The „Nikola Tesla“ power plants (TENT) - Obrenovac are the biggest producer of them in Serbia. Fly ash from TENT is cha¬racte¬rized as „dangerous industrial waste”. Disposal of coal ashes produces ecological and economic problems. Consequently, it is always preferable to utilize than dispose of them (recycling of waste). Coal ashes can be utilized in bulk only in road construction. In this sense, the application of fly and bottom ash as a component of base and sub-base mixtures for road construction is of great interest.
This paper is part of investigations of the Project “Investigation of possibilities of application of fly and bottom ash, waste from power plants, in construction”, supported by the Serbian Ministry of Science and the TENT-Obrenovac.
The obtained results are on laboratory level and their confirmation in practice could be very important for Serbia and TENT.
